Plan of activities

Since the being of this blog we have learn how are body works and what happen when we don't take care of it. Healthy people doesn't mean to be thin or being unhealthy to be fat. Is a balance, and you achieve that with a good diet and a plan of exercise make to you. If you want to start to take care of you and don't know how let me help with videos and blog from other place :).

http://www.drmelina.com/

This link is of a Dr.expert of nutrition, she is really good and even has her own TV show, she explains how sacrificing food is not healthy and how to find the perfect diet for you. Yo can found there testimonies, her blog and her Facebook page.

Here in "Tone it Up" fun girls will show you 15 min max. exercise to do in home. They are efficient and easy, they are super charismatic and also show you how to cook to keep up with you exercise plan, here ill put there link to there channel and some videos.

Link to there channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgBTevPW8fsH4pQNrLufOsQ

Osteoporosis and Risk Factors

Osteoporosis literally means a condition of having porous bones. Bone is a living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the formation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone. It causes bones to become brittle and weak so that even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Fractures related to osteoporosis most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.

Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races, but white and Asian women, especially those who are post-menopausal have the highest risk. This disorder primarily affects middle-aged and elderly people, 80% being women. Older women suffer from osteoporosis more often than men for two reasons: Women’s bones are less massive than men’s, and production of estrogens in women declines dramatically at menopause, but production of testosterone decreases gradually and only slightly in older men. Estrogens and testosterone stimulate osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone.

Risk factors

By Mayo Clinic Staff

A number of factors can increase the likelihood that you'll develop osteoporosis — including your age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatments.

Some risk factors for osteoporosis are out of your control, including:

• Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
• Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
• Race. You're at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you're white or of Asian descent.
• Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father experienced a hip fracture.
• Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they may have less bone mass to draw from as they age.

Hormone levels

Osteoporosis is more common in people who have too much or too little of certain hormones in their bodies. Examples include:

• Sex hormones. Lowered sex hormone levels tend to weaken bone. The reduction of estrogen levels at menopause is one of the strongest risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Women may also experience a drop in estrogen during certain cancer treatments. Men experience a gradual reduction in testosterone levels as they age. And some treatments for prostate cancer reduce testosterone levels in men.
• Thyroid problems. Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss. This can occur if your thyroid is overactive or if you take too much thyroid hormone medication to treat an underactive thyroid.
• Other glands. Osteoporosis has also been associated with overactive parathyroid and adrenal glands.

Dietary factors

Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have:

• Low calcium intake. A lifelong lack of calcium plays a major role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
• Eating disorders. People who have anorexia are at higher risk of osteoporosis. Low food intake can reduce the number of calories and amount of protein and calcium ingested. In women, anorexia can stop menstruation, leading to weaker bones. In men, anorexia lowers the amount of sex hormones in the body and can weaken bone.
• Gastrointestinal surgery. A reduction in the size of your stomach or a bypass or removal of part of the intestine limits the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients, including calcium.

Steroids and other medications

Long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone and cortisone, interferes with the bone-rebuilding process. Osteoporosis has also been associated with medications used to combat or prevent:

• Seizures
• Gastric reflux
• Cancer
• Transplant rejection

Lifestyle choices

Some bad habits can increase your risk of osteoporosis. Examples include:

• Sedentary lifestyle. People who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do those who are more active. Any weight-bearing exercise and activities that promote balance and good posture are beneficial for your bones, but walking, running, jumping, dancing and weightlifting seem particularly helpful.
• Excessive alcohol consumption. Regular consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks a day increases your risk of osteoporosis.
• Tobacco use. The exact role tobacco plays in osteoporosis isn't clearly understood, but it has been shown that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.

Skin Cancer and Risk Factors

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells that most often develops on skin that is exposed to the sun, although it can also occur on areas of skin that are not ordinarily exposed to sunlight.

Types of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer begins in the epidermis. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, depending on which type of cell in the epidermis is mutated.

What Are the Risk Factors for Skin Cancer?

People with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop skin cancer. Risk factors vary for different types of skin cancer, but some general risk factors are having—

• A lighter natural skin color.
• Family history of skin cancer.
• A personal history of skin cancer.
• Exposure to the sun through work and play.
• A history of sunburns, especially early in life.
• A history of indoor tanning.
• Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or becomes painful in the sun.
• Blue or green eyes.
• Blond or red hair.
• Certain types and a large number of moles.

Tanning and Burning

Ultraviolet (UV) rays come from the sun or from indoor tanning (using a tanning bed, booth, or sunlamp to get tan). When UV rays reach the skin’s inner layer, the skin makes more melanin. Melanin is the pigment that colors the skin. It moves toward the outer layers of the skin and becomes visible as a tan.

A tan does not indicate good health. A tan is a response to injury, because skin cells signal that they have been hurt by UV rays by producing more pigment.

People burn or tan depending on their skin type, the time of year, and how long they are exposed to UV rays. The six types of skin, based on how likely it is to tan or burn, are—

1. Always burns, never tans, sensitive to UV exposure.
2. Burns easily, tans minimally.
3. Burns moderately, tans gradually to light brown.
4. Burns minimally, always tans well to moderately brown.
5. Rarely burns, tans profusely to dark.
6. Never burns, deeply pigmented, least sensitive.

Although everyone’s skin can be damaged by UV exposure, people with skin types I and II are at the highest risk.

Personal Opinion

Please check the next video, personally has mark me like any other video before.

Feedback Systems

The body can regulate its internal environment through feedback systems. A feedback system is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on. Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is called a controlled condition. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus

A feedback system has three basic parts: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. A receptor is a body structure such as a nerve ending or sensory receptor that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input, usually in the form of a nerve impulse or chemical signal, to a control center, which in the body is typically the brain. A control center sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands, usually in the form of nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical signals.

An effector is a body structure, such as a muscle or gland that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Almost every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. Specific examples include muscle and glands.

Positive Feedback System 

A positive feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. It operates similarly to a negative feedback system, except that the response reinforces the change instead of negating it. The response of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.

Example: 

Childbirth provides a good example of positive feedback. The first contractions of labor (stimulus) push part of the fetus into the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor the amount of stretching of the cervix (controlled condition). As stretching increases, they send more nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which in turn releases the hormone oxytocin (output) into the blood. Oxytocin causes muscles in the wall of the uterus (effector) to contract even more, resulting in pushing the fetus further down the uterus, which stretches the cervix even more. This cycle is interrupted only by the birth of the baby, which will stop the stretching of the cervix and the release of oxytocin. Usually, positive feedback systems reinforce conditions that do not happen very often.

Negative Feedback System

A group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center forms a feedback system that can regulate a controlled condition in the body’s internal environment. In a feedback system, the response of the system to the change in the controlled condition is either to negate the change, which is called negative feedback.

Example:

A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels. When the heart beats faster, the blood pressure rises. If some internal or external stimulus causes blood pressure, which is a controlled condition, to rise, the following sequence of events will occur: baroreceptors (the receptors), which are pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure. The baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses (output) to the heart (effector). Heart rate decreases, which causes blood pressure to decrease (response), thereby causing the controlled condition (blood pressure) to return back to normal.

Integumentary and skeletal muscular system

To know about the Integumentary system watch the following video:

To know about the Sketetal muscular system watch the following video:

Description of the body tissues

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. Body tissues can be classified into four basic types according to their function and structure: Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue or epithelium consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. Because the cells are closely packed, and are held tightly together by many cell junctions, there is little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes.

The various surfaces of epithelial cells differ in structure and have specialized functions. The apical (free) surface of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. Apical surfaces may contain cilia or microvilli. The cilia sweep substances along the surface of the epithelium, for example, ciliated epithelium in the lining of the bronchial tubes sweep impurities along the surface of the bronchial tubes away from the lungs, while microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells increases the surface area of the cell and in the case of the epithelial cells lining the small intestines, the microvilli increase the rate of absorption of nutrients across the cell.

Connective tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. In its various forms, connective tissue has a variety of functions. It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; serves as the major transport system with in body (blood); is the primary location of stored energy reserves (fat); and is the main source of immune responses.

General characteristics of connective tissue

Connective tissue has cells that are widely separated by a matrix, which is a noncellular material that is made up of a ground substance and fibers. The matrix is usually secreted by the connective tissue cells and determines the tissue’s quality. The ground substance is the component of the connective tissue between the cells and fibers; it may vary in consistency from solid to jellylike to fluid. For example, in cartilage, the ground substance of the matrix is firm but pliable, whereas in bone, it is hard and inflexible. A nonfluid matrix may have fibers of three possible types. Collagen fibers contain collagen, a protein that gives them flexibility and strength. Reticular fibers are very thin collagen fibers that are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks. Elastic fibers contain elastin, a protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic (Mader, 2011).

In contrast to epithelia, connective tissues do not usually occur on body surfaces, and are highly vascular, that is they are a rich blood supply, with the exception of cartilage, which is avascular, and tendons, which have a scant blood supply. Connective tissue also has its own nerves, again with the exception of cartilage.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that use ATP to generate force. As a result, muscular tissue produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat. It also provides protection. There are three types of muscular tissue based on its location, structure and function: skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue consists of two cell types, neurons and neuroglia, and is present in the brain and spinal cord. A neuron is a specialized cell that has three parts; a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The cell body contains most of the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the neuron. Dendrites are short, highly branched processes that branch off of the cell body, and they are the major receiving or input part of the neuron, and they conducts signals towards the cell body.

Anatomical Terms

Anatomy and Physiology

The branches of science called anatomy and physiology provide the foundation for understanding the body’s structure and function. Anatomy is the science that studies body structures and the relationships among them. Whereas physiology is the science that studies body functions or how the body parts work. To be able to describe the body’s structure, it is necessary to use special terms that everyone understands to communicate clearly and precisely. To prevent confusion, anatomists have developed a standard anatomical position and a special vocabulary for relation body parts to one another.

Body Positions

Descriptions of any region or part of the body assume that the body is in the anatomical position. In the anatomical position, the person stands erect, facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms are hanging at the sides, with the palms facing forward. 

Regional Names

The human body can be divided into several major regions that can be identified externally, and they include the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs. The headcontains the skull, which encloses and protects the brain, and the face, which includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks and chin. The neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk. The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Each upper limb attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (the part of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (the part of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand. The lower limbs are each attached to the trunk, and consist of the buttock, thigh (the part of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (the part of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot. The groin is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side where the trunk attaches to the thigh.

Directional Terms

Directional terms are words that describe the position of one body part relative to another, and they are used to locate various body structures. Most of the directional terms are grouped in pairs that have opposite meanings, for example anterior (front) and posterior (back). The chart below includes the most common directional terms used in anatomy, with their meaning and an example of its use.

Body Planes

Body planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs to visualize interior structures. A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. A midsagittal or median plane divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides, while a parasagittal plane divides them into unequal left and right sides. A frontal or coronal plane divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts.

A transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts. The transverse plane can also be called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane. The sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes are all at right angles to each other. The oblique plane, by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.

Welcome

Hi! My name is Rebeca and I open this blog to talk about health care, emphasizing the cardio-respiratory system, the risk factors associated with it and its preventive measures.