lunes, 2 de noviembre de 2015

Evidence 2



1.    Identify and describe at least five risk factors that the patient has for developing disorders of the cardiovascular system. Justify your answer.
A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. 

Hypertension: The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity.
Obesity:
·         Genetics. Your genes may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics may also play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy and how your body burns calories during exercise.
·         Inactivity. If you're not very active, you don't burn as many calories. With a sedentary lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. Having medical problems, such as arthritis, can lead to decreased activity, which contributes to weight gain.
·         Unhealthy diet. A diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain.
·         Medical problems. In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and other conditions. Medical problems, such as arthritis, also can lead to decreased activity, which may result in weight gain.
·         Certain medications. Some medications can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate through diet or activity. These medications include some antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, diabetes medications, antipsychotic medications, steroids and beta blockers.
·         Age. Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity. In addition, the amount of muscle in your body tends to decrease with age. This lower muscle mass leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also reduce calorie needs, and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you age, you'll likely gain weight.
·         Pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman's weight necessarily increases. Some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may contribute to the development of obesity in women.
·         Quitting smoking. Quitting smoking is often associated with weight gain. And for some, it can lead to enough weight gain that the person becomes obese. In the long run, however, quitting smoking is still a greater benefit to your health than continuing to smoke.
·         Lack of sleep. Not getting enough sleep or getting too much sleep can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite. You may also crave foods high in calories and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain.

Osteoporosis:
·         Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
·         Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
·         Race. You're at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you're white or of Asian descent.
·         Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father experienced a hip fracture.
·         Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they may have less bone mass to draw from as they age.
·         Sedentary lifestyle. People who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do those who are more active. Any weight-bearing exercise and activities that promote balance and good posture are beneficial for your bones, but walking, running, jumping, dancing and weightlifting seem particularly helpful.
·         Excessive alcohol consumption. Regular consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks a day increases your risk of osteoporosis.
·         Tobacco use. The exact role tobacco plays in osteoporosis isn't clearly understood, but it has been shown that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.

Lungs cancer:
Tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity are the main cancer risk factors worldwide. Some chronic infections are risk factors for cancer and have major relevance in low- and middle-income countries. Also personal or family history of lung cancer; people who have had lung cancer have an increased risk of developing a second lung cancer.
Anxiety:
·         Being female. Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
·         Trauma. Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event also can develop anxiety disorders.
·         Stress due to an illness. Having a health condition or serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.
·         Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety — for example, a death in the family or ongoing worry about finances.
·         Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than are others.
·         Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often experience anxiety disorder as well.
·         Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families.
·         Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or abuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.

2.    Explain the function of the cardiovascular system by describing the cardiac cycle and how it relates to blood pressure, how blood flows through the heart and the blood vessels, capillary exchange, and the function of all the components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Use illustrations to demonstrate functions.
3.    Explain the function of the respiratory system and how it works with the cardiovascular system to achieve respiration. Describe ventilation, external and internal respiration. Include illustrations of each process.

The respiratory system

The human respiratory system contains the organs that allow us to get the oxygen we need and to remove the waste carbon dioxide we don't need. It contains these parts:
·         lungs
·         tubes leading from the lungs to the mouth and nose
·         various structures in the chest that allow air to move in and out of the lungs.

Ventilation

Movements of the ribs, rib muscles and diaphragm allow air into and out of the lungs. Take care - this is called breathing or ventilation, not respiration. When we breathe in, we inhale. When we breathe out, we exhale.
Air passes between the lungs and the outside of the body through the windpipe, called the trachea. The trachea divides into two bronchi, with one bronchus for each lung.
Each bronchus divides further in the lungs into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group of tiny air sacs. These air sacs have bulges called alveoli to increase their surface area.



Interaction
The cardiovascular and the respiratory system both work toward the same goal: getting oxygen to tissues and getting carbon dioxide out. The respiratory system is involved in supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide. When the heart receives blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, it pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. When the lungs expand and get fresh air from the environment, oxygen is transferred (via the alveoli) into the low-oxygen blood, which also then sends some of its carbon dioxide back into the lungs. Now that this blood has fresh oxygen in it, it returns to the heart and the heart then pumps it throughout the body.

4.    Explain the functions of the urinary system by describing the function of each organ, describe the nephron and its blood supply, and finally describe the process of urine formation using examples of substances that are filtered, reabsorbed and excreted. Use illustrations
·Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
·Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
·Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.
·Two sphincter muscles. These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
·Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the bladder.
·Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.
A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys and its chief function is to regulate water and soluble substances in the blood by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. Its function is vital for homeostasis. It is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.
VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCQ-5iwTQvM

6. Calculate the patient’s BMI to determine his nutritional status, and then make at least ten dietary recommendations to improve his overall health.

1.    Focus on fruits. Eat a variety of fruits — fresh, frozen, canned, or dried — rather than fruit juice for most of your fruit choices. For a 2,000-calorie diet, you will need 2 cups of fruit each day. An example of 2 cups is 1 small banana, 1 large orange, and 1/4 cup of dried apricots or peaches.
2.    Vary your veggies. Eat more:
a.     dark green veggies, such as broccoli, kale, and other dark leafy greens
b.    orange veggies, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, and winter squash
c.     beans and peas, such as pinto beans, kidney beans, black beans, garbanzo beans, split peas, and lentils
3.    Get your calcium-rich foods. Each day, drink 3 cups of low-fat or fat-free milk. Or, you can get an equivalent amount of low-fat yogurt and/or low-fat cheese each day. 1.5 ounces of cheese equals 1 cup of milk. If you don't or can't consume milk, choose lactose-free milk products and/or calcium-fortified foods and drinks.
4.    Make half your grains whole. Eat at least 3 ounces of whole-grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta each day. One ounce is about 1 slice of bread, 1 cup of breakfast cereal, or 1/2 cup of cooked rice or pasta. Look to see that grains such as wheat, rice, oats, or corn are referred to as "whole" in the list of ingredients.
5.    Go lean with protein. Choose lean meats and poultry. Bake it, broil it, or grill it. Vary your protein choices with more fish, beans, peas, nuts, and seeds.
6.    Limit saturated fats. Get less than 10 percent of your calories from saturated fatty acids. Most fats should come from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. When choosing and preparing meat, poultry, dry beans, and milk or milk products, make choices that are lean, low-fat, or fat-free.
7.    Limit salt. Get less than 2,300 mg of sodium (about 1 teaspoon of salt) each day.


Source: Boundless. “Nephron, Parts, and Histology.” Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 01 Nov. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-urinary-system-25/the-kidneys-239/nephron-parts-and-histology-1170-2287/


martes, 15 de septiembre de 2015

Plan of activities

Since the being of this blog we have learn how are body works and what happen when we don't take care of it. Healthy people doesn't mean to be thin or being unhealthy to be fat. Is a balance, and you achieve that with a good diet and a plan of exercise make to you. If you want to start to take care of you and don't know how let me help with videos and blog from other place :).

http://www.drmelina.com/

This link is of a Dr.expert of nutrition, she is really good and even has her own TV show, she explains how sacrificing food is not healthy and how to find the perfect diet for you. Yo can found there testimonies, her blog and her Facebook page.



Here in "Tone it Up" fun girls will show you 15 min max. exercise to do in home. They are efficient and easy, they are super charismatic and also show you how to cook to keep up with you exercise plan, here ill put there link to there channel and some videos.



Link to there channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgBTevPW8fsH4pQNrLufOsQ






Osteoporosis and Risk Factors

Osteoporosis literally means a condition of having porous bones. Bone is a living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the formation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone. It causes bones to become brittle and weak so that even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Fractures related to osteoporosis most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.
Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races, but white and Asian women, especially those who are post-menopausal have the highest risk. This disorder primarily affects middle-aged and elderly people, 80% being women. Older women suffer from osteoporosis more often than men for two reasons: Women’s bones are less massive than men’s, and production of estrogens in women declines dramatically at menopause, but production of testosterone decreases gradually and only slightly in older men. Estrogens and testosterone stimulate osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone.

Risk factors

A number of factors can increase the likelihood that you'll develop osteoporosis — including your age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatments.
Some risk factors for osteoporosis are out of your control, including:
  • Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
  • Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
  • Race. You're at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you're white or of Asian descent.
  • Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father experienced a hip fracture.
  • Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they may have less bone mass to draw from as they age.

Hormone levels

Osteoporosis is more common in people who have too much or too little of certain hormones in their bodies. Examples include:
  • Sex hormones. Lowered sex hormone levels tend to weaken bone. The reduction of estrogen levels at menopause is one of the strongest risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Women may also experience a drop in estrogen during certain cancer treatments. Men experience a gradual reduction in testosterone levels as they age. And some treatments for prostate cancer reduce testosterone levels in men.
  • Thyroid problems. Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss. This can occur if your thyroid is overactive or if you take too much thyroid hormone medication to treat an underactive thyroid.
  • Other glands. Osteoporosis has also been associated with overactive parathyroid and adrenal glands.

Dietary factors

Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have:
  • Low calcium intake. A lifelong lack of calcium plays a major role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
  • Eating disorders. People who have anorexia are at higher risk of osteoporosis. Low food intake can reduce the number of calories and amount of protein and calcium ingested. In women, anorexia can stop menstruation, leading to weaker bones. In men, anorexia lowers the amount of sex hormones in the body and can weaken bone.
  • Gastrointestinal surgery. A reduction in the size of your stomach or a bypass or removal of part of the intestine limits the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients, including calcium.

Steroids and other medications

Long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone and cortisone, interferes with the bone-rebuilding process. Osteoporosis has also been associated with medications used to combat or prevent:
  • Seizures
  • Gastric reflux
  • Cancer
  • Transplant rejection

Lifestyle choices

Some bad habits can increase your risk of osteoporosis. Examples include:
  • Sedentary lifestyle. People who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do those who are more active. Any weight-bearing exercise and activities that promote balance and good posture are beneficial for your bones, but walking, running, jumping, dancing and weightlifting seem particularly helpful.
  • Excessive alcohol consumption. Regular consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks a day increases your risk of osteoporosis.
  • Tobacco use. The exact role tobacco plays in osteoporosis isn't clearly understood, but it has been shown that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.

lunes, 14 de septiembre de 2015

Skin Cancer and Risk Factors

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells that most often develops on skin that is exposed to the sun, although it can also occur on areas of skin that are not ordinarily exposed to sunlight.

Types of Skin Cancer
Skin cancer begins in the epidermis. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, depending on which type of cell in the epidermis is mutated.

What Are the Risk Factors for Skin Cancer?

People with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop skin cancer. Risk factors vary for different types of skin cancer, but some general risk factors are having—
  • A lighter natural skin color.
  • Family history of skin cancer.
  • A personal history of skin cancer.
  • Exposure to the sun through work and play.
  • A history of sunburns, especially early in life.
  • A history of indoor tanning.
  • Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or becomes painful in the sun.
  • Blue or green eyes.
  • Blond or red hair.
  • Certain types and a large number of moles.

Tanning and Burning

Ultraviolet (UV) rays come from the sun or from indoor tanning (using a tanning bed, booth, or sunlamp to get tan). When UV rays reach the skin’s inner layer, the skin makes more melanin. Melanin is the pigment that colors the skin. It moves toward the outer layers of the skin and becomes visible as a tan.
A tan does not indicate good health. A tan is a response to injury, because skin cells signal that they have been hurt by UV rays by producing more pigment.
People burn or tan depending on their skin type, the time of year, and how long they are exposed to UV rays. The six types of skin, based on how likely it is to tan or burn, are—
  1. Always burns, never tans, sensitive to UV exposure.
  2. Burns easily, tans minimally.
  3. Burns moderately, tans gradually to light brown.
  4. Burns minimally, always tans well to moderately brown.
  5. Rarely burns, tans profusely to dark.
  6. Never burns, deeply pigmented, least sensitive.
Although everyone’s skin can be damaged by UV exposure, people with skin types I and II are at the highest risk.


Personal Opinion
Please check the next video, personally has mark me like any other video before.



Feedback Systems

The body can regulate its internal environment through feedback systems. A feedback system is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on. Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is called a controlled condition. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus

feedback system has three basic parts: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. A receptor is a body structure such as a nerve ending or sensory receptor that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input, usually in the form of a nerve impulse or chemical signal, to a control center, which in the body is typically the brain. A control center sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands, usually in the form of nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical signals.
An effector is a body structure, such as a muscle or gland that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Almost every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. Specific examples include muscle and glands.

Positive Feedback System 

positive feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. It operates similarly to a negative feedback system, except that the response reinforces the change instead of negating it. The response of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.

Example
Childbirth provides a good example of positive feedback. The first contractions of labor (stimulus) push part of the fetus into the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor the amount of stretching of the cervix (controlled condition). As stretching increases, they send more nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which in turn releases the hormone oxytocin (output) into the blood. Oxytocin causes muscles in the wall of the uterus (effector) to contract even more, resulting in pushing the fetus further down the uterus, which stretches the cervix even more. This cycle is interrupted only by the birth of the baby, which will stop the stretching of the cervix and the release of oxytocin. Usually, positive feedback systems reinforce conditions that do not happen very often.

Negative Feedback System

A group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center forms a feedback system that can regulate a controlled condition in the body’s internal environment. In a feedback system, the response of the system to the change in the controlled condition is either to negate the change, which is called negative feedback.

Example:
negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels. When the heart beats faster, the blood pressure rises. If some internal or external stimulus causes blood pressure, which is a controlled condition, to rise, the following sequence of events will occur: baroreceptors (the receptors), which are pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure. The baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses (output) to the heart (effector). Heart rate decreases, which causes blood pressure to decrease (response), thereby causing the controlled condition (blood pressure) to return back to normal.




Integumentary and skeletal muscular system

To know about the Integumentary system watch the following video:


To know about the Sketetal muscular system watch the following video:



Description of the body tissues

tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. Body tissues can be classified into four basic types according to their function and structure: Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue or epithelium consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. Because the cells are closely packed, and are held tightly together by many cell junctions, there is little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes.
The various surfaces of epithelial cells differ in structure and have specialized functions. The apical (free) surface of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. Apical surfaces may contain cilia or microvilli. The cilia sweep substances along the surface of the epithelium, for example, ciliated epithelium in the lining of the bronchial tubes sweep impurities along the surface of the bronchial tubes away from the lungs, while microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells increases the surface area of the cell and in the case of the epithelial cells lining the small intestines, the microvilli increase the rate of absorption of nutrients across the cell.


Connective tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. In its various forms, connective tissue has a variety of functions. It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; serves as the major transport system with in body (blood); is the primary location of stored energy reserves (fat); and is the main source of immune responses.
General characteristics of connective tissue
Connective tissue has cells that are widely separated by a matrix, which is a noncellular material that is made up of a ground substance and fibers. The matrix is usually secreted by the connective tissue cells and determines the tissue’s quality. The ground substance is the component of the connective tissue between the cells and fibers; it may vary in consistency from solid to jellylike to fluid. For example, in cartilage, the ground substance of the matrix is firm but pliable, whereas in bone, it is hard and inflexible. A nonfluid matrix may have fibers of three possible types. Collagen fibers contain collagen, a protein that gives them flexibility and strength. Reticular fibers are very thin collagen fibers that are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks. Elastic fibers contain elastin, a protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic (Mader, 2011).
In contrast to epithelia, connective tissues do not usually occur on body surfaces, and are highly vascular, that is they are a rich blood supply, with the exception of cartilage, which is avascular, and tendons, which have a scant blood supply. Connective tissue also has its own nerves, again with the exception of cartilage.

Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that use ATP to generate force. As a result, muscular tissue produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat. It also provides protection. There are three types of muscular tissue based on its location, structure and function: skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue consists of two cell types, neurons and neuroglia, and is present in the brain and spinal cord. A neuron is a specialized cell that has three parts; a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The cell body contains most of the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the neuron. Dendrites are short, highly branched processes that branch off of the cell body, and they are the major receiving or input part of the neuron, and they conducts signals towards the cell body.